The codes teach, further, on the strength of a saying ascribed to Rab (Shab. 13; xvii. Ancient Jewish art is mainly represented by the Temple and its fittings, of which all that is left to contemplate is the lower portion of a fortified wall. According to a tosefta, the doors of the synagogue should be in the east; but the opinion has prevailed that they should be opposite the Ark and in that part of the room toward which the worshipers face in prayer. The institution of the Great Synagogue, or perhaps, more correctly, the Great Assembly, belongs to that period of Jewish history which is still virtually a complete blank, namely the Persian period. These Galilean ruins are especially important as showing the architecture of the ancient Palestinian synagogues, which bears general traces of Greco-Roman influence, although it has not surrendered its individuality (see Schürer, l.c. Offering a warm and friendly atmosphere, every one of us is family and we meet the needs of all members and their children. 638). 296). is interpreted, in a midrash cited by Rashi and Ḳimḥi (ad loc. ii. 29b) were believed to be the oldest on Babylonian soil and were said to have been founded at the time of the Captivity. The synagogue of Cæarea rose to importance during the inception of this uprising (Josephus, "B. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. J." Hence, very little is known of it with real certainty. Some honor is to be paid even to the ruins of a synagogue or house of study. 3d ed., vi. Jews also use synagogues as places to meet and study. Neither should they eat or drink therein, although the learned and their disciples may do so in case of an emergency. DHC Synagogue is a warm and welcoming Reform Jewish community in Darlington, where families and friends connect with each other, engage in meaningful prayer, and celebrate our traditions and culture. The synagogues of Palestine are first mentioned in Ps. KJV: said unto the congregation, This [is] the thing INT: Moses to the congregation This is the thing. xciii. A history of the synagogue is possible only in so far as Jewish history is considered from the point of view of this important institution. There are but few details given in traditional literature concerning the other synagogues of Palestine, although mention is made of those in Beth-shean (Scythopolis; Yer. A Latin inscription was found in the outer court, while a mosaic with an inscription, and picturing various animals and the seven-branched candle-stick, was set in the floor of the synagogue itself ("R. E. 21). The first rabbis were not celebrants of religious rites but teachers of religious texts; in fact, the word rabbi means “my teacher.”. The earliest document relating to the settlement of the Jews in Egypt and their adoption of Ḥellenic customs was discovered in 1902. Accounts must not be cast in the synagogue or house of study, except those pertaining to public charity or to religious matters. The five Roman synagogues built under one roof formed until recently a venerable architectural curiosity. 129b; Philo, "De Vita Mosis," iii. Islam) that in those countries which should be conquered no new synagogues might be built, nor old ones repaired. Its site was occupied in the fourth century by a Christian basilica dedicated to the Maccabean martyrs (the seven brothers mentioned in II and IV Maccabees [see Cardinal Rampolla in "Rev. In the account of his journeys through Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece he mentions synagogues at Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, Ephesus, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berœa, Athens, Corinth, and Salamis (several synagogues; Acts xiii. A ritual bath (mikvah) is sometimes located on the premises. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Reform congregation became a hub of civil-rights advocacy. It may be noted here that the great synagogue of Alexandria is designated as διπλῆ στοά in the description of it mentioned above, and that a haggadist of the fourth century applies the same term to the chief synagogue of Tiberias (see Midr. Friday Night Services always begin at 6:30 PM. 24b; comp. A synagogue is a place of worship for people of the Jewish religion. We hope to meet you on an upcoming Shabbat, a Jewish Holiday, or during a stop over in Kenya. 20 and I Chron. Of course, this rule can not always be carried out where the Jews live as a small minority in a town of Gentiles; but a synagogue should never occupy the lower part of a house which contains bedrooms in an upper story. v. 64, s.v. According to Judah al-Ḥarizi, there were several magnificent synagogues at Toledo, second to none, among them being the splendid edifice built by Joseph b. Solomon ibn Shoshan (Grätz, "Gesch." 189). In the event of a lifecycle emergency, please call Rabbi Starr, 410-660-9432. 141, 154) and the other at Kafr Bir'im (p. 154, "a very splendid edifice, built of large stones with great pillars"; see above). 62 et seq.). 1): "They raise up in holiness, but do not lower in holiness.". ii. Other scholars trace the origin of synagogues to the Jewish custom of having representatives of communities outside Jerusalem pray together during the two-week period when priestly representatives of their community attended ritual sacrifices in the Temple of Jerusalem. Who invented the synagogue Well written piece, but there is only detail that goes unmentioned in the list of priorities which Jews had when a new place was opened for Jews to live in before a synagogue was built. 118b), Sepphoris (Pesiḳ. The term synagogue is of Greek origin (synagein, “to bring together”) and means “a place of assembly.” The Yiddish word shul (from German Schule, “school”) is also used to refer to the synagogue, and in modern times the word temple is common among some Reform and Conservative congregations. (+44) 01392 251529 E-mail.webmaster@exetersynagogue.org.uk. 157, x. Buber, "Ḥayye Sarah," p. 7), this custom, apparently, being due to the fact that after the destruction of the synagogues by the Persians during the Sassanian period the Jews were forbidden to rebuild within the city limits (see Hastings, "Dict. One of the large synagogues of Seville was transformed into the Church of S. Bartolomé in 1482, and is now one of the finest in the city; its Hebrew inscriptions were seen by Rodrigo Castro, the author of "Antiguedada de Sevilla," in 1630. The word "synagogue" comes from sunagoge, which is a Greek word. It was decreed in the "pact of Omar" (see Jew. 761-783). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Judaism: The traditional pattern of synagogue practices. It is also quite noteworthy that Benjamin of Tudela does not praise the architecture of any synagogue in the European countries through which he traveled; but it must be borne in mind that the cities of Spain were not included in his descriptions. also the allusion to the "proseucha" in Juvenal, "Satires," iii. Among the Tannaim the name of Simeon b. Yoḥai was given to two synagogues, one at Meron (pp. 60, 61, 63, 65). 16, "Yet will I be to them as a little sanctuary," was rightly interpreted, therefore, to mean that in its dispersion Israel would retain the synagogue as a sanctuary in miniature in compensation for the loss of the Temple (Targ. The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Systems of Transliteration Citation of Proper Names. A church at the entrance to the ghetto of Saragossa is said to have been a synagogue; but there are no documents to verify this statement, although the style of architecture supports it. Ottoman Sultan Beyazid IIgranted these Jews (with their European scientific and economic knowledge) to take refuge in the Ottoman Empire and allowed them to live on the banks of the Golden Horn. The place of meeting was called "bet ha-keneset," since an assembly of the people for worship was termed a "keneset"; the assembly described in Neh. Corrections? The inscriptions refer even to a synagogue of "the Hebrews," which belonged probably to a community of Jews who spoke Hebrew or Aramaic. Sambari, p. 158), Haran, and Jazirat ibn Omar, on the upper Tigris, the first one having been built, he was told, by Ezra himself (pp. 136b [the great synagogue]; Yer. xxxix. When a small community sells its synagogue, it ought to impose on the purchaser the condition that the place must not be turned into a bath-house, laundry, cleansing-house (for vessels), or tannery, though a council of seven of the leading men in the community may waive even this condition (ib. In France, Philip Augustus commanded in his edict of expulsion, dated 1181, that the synagogues should be transformed into churches, and at the coronation of King Richard I. eight years later the synagogues of London were destroyed by the crusaders. on Ps. In her new book, “Beyond the Synagogue: Jewish Nostalgia as Religious Practice” (NYU Press), Rachel B. The synagogue has in the future, as it has had in the past, a distinct mission to fulfil for the Jews. The other focus of observance is the synagogue. xi. The approach to the Ark was formed by ten steps, and on the upper one sat the exilarch together with the princes of the house of David." Its traditional functions are reflected in three Hebrew synonyms for synagogue: bet ha-tefilla (“house of prayer”), bet ha-kneset (“house of assembly”), and bet ha-midrash (“house of study”). It is not proper to demolish a synagogue and then to build a new one either on the same spot or elsewhere; but the new one should be built first (B. Philo speaks of the synagogues of the capital of the Roman empire at the time of Augustus ("De Legatione ad Caium," § 23); and the inscriptions show that Rome contained a synagogue named in honor of the emperor Augustus, another called after Agrippa, and a third after a certain Volumnus. Some scholars think that the destruction of Solomon’s Temple of Jerusalem in 586 bce gave rise to synagogues after private homes were temporarily used for public worship and religious instruction. was known in tradition as the "great assembly" ("keneset ha-gedolah"; see Synagoġue, The Great). Is the Jewish deli the new synagogue? 11a), that the building should stand in the highest part of the town (comp. ; Bacher, "Ag. A synagogue or house of study which has two entrances should not be used as a thoroughfare; this rule was made in analogy with that in the Mishnah (Ber. Cantillation consists of the musical system for chanting texts from the Bible. Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, pp. We are a proud Reform Jewish congregation, but members and visitors originally come from all Jewish denominations and find their spiritual home here at DHC Reform Synagogue. (408-450), however, expressly forbade the Jews to build new synagogues; and when the Christians of Antiochia seized certain Jewish places of worship, the emperor, although he at first commanded their restoration, was later persuaded by St. Simeon Stylites to revoke the edict. Egypt), in which Moses himself was said to have prayed (comp. ), and the community crystallized around the synagogue, the only possible organization for the Jews of the Diaspora. ix. 4. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 68, 75, Pethahiah) were placed in front of synagogues, and Benjamin (p. 41) mentions a synagogue near Tiberias named in honor of Caleb, the son of Jephunneh—apparently the synagogue built, according to Pethahiah's itinerary, by Joshua, the son of Nun. The other focus of observance is the synagogue. 9 (comp. 427-464. 462). The synagogue of a village, being built only for the people around it, may be sold on a proper occasion; but a synagogue in a great city, which is really built for all Israelites who may come and worship in it, ought not to be sold at all. 47 et seq.). The best preserved of these ruins are those of Kafr Bir'im; while those of Ḳaṣyun contain a Greek inscription from the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus. A typical synagogue contains an ark (where the scrolls of the Law are kept), an “eternal light” burning before the ark, two candelabra, pews, and a raised platform (bimah), from which scriptural passages are read and from which, often, services are conducted. The following examples are taken from Benjamin of Tudela ("Itinerary"), from the list of tombs compiled for R. Jehiel of Paris (1240), and from a similar list entitled "Eleh ha-Massa'ot"; the two last-named sources are appended to Grünhut's edition of Benjamin of Tudela (pp. Office-holder reports will be presented along with general business, shul maintenance and arrangements for services. 32a). The oldest dated evidence of a synagogue is from the 3rd century bce, but synagogues doubtless have an older history. 415); while the synagogue of the Reform-Tempel-Verein at Hamburg (1818) was the first to introduce radical innovations in the ritual of public worship, thereby causing a permanent schism in Judaism, both in Germany and elsewhere. 39; Pesiḳ. J." B. i. He succeeds Rabbi Ephraim Guttentag, who went on to become Community Rabbi at Hampstead Garden Suburb Synagogue. His historical leader was the great rabbi Chaim Nahum. Ber. Every one before entering should wipe the mud from his shoes; and no one should come in with soiled body or garments. 14, §§ 4-5); it was called the "revolutionary synagogue" ("kenishta di-meradta") as late as the fourth century (see Grätz, "Gesch." Remains of ancient synagogues, some of which date from the second or, perhaps, even from the first century of the common era, have been found in various localities of northern Galilee, in the vicinity of Lake Merom, and on the shores of Lake Gennesaret (see Renan, "Mission de Phénicie," pp. The old synagogue at Segovia, burned in 1899, was dedicated as the Church of Corpus Christi (see "R. E. lviii. 655, s.v. The synagogue is the Jewish place of worship, but is also used as a place to study, and often as a community centre as well. 245. Encyc. Synagogue, in Judaism, a community house of worship that serves as a place for liturgical services and for assembly and study. Kafr Bir'im Synagogue. DONATIONS. The Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue (in Hebrew: שער השמים ; in Arabic: كنيس عدلي ) is located in the city of Cairo in Egypt. Encyc. The first roles of the synagogue were not associated with prayer, but rather with Jewish study and gathering. Honor should be paid to synagogues and houses of study. Columbia Jewish Congregation 5885 Robert Oliver Place Columbia, MD 21045 Email: cjc@columbiajewish.org Phone: 410-730-6044. Shab. When the "messenger of the congregation" arises in prayer he stands on the floor before the Ark (this, however, is not the custom among the Sephardim of the present time). The synagogue of Worms, built in the eleventh century (see A. Epstein, "Jüdische Alterthümer in Worms und Speier," Breslau, 1896), and the Altneue Synagogue of Prague are the two oldest structures of their kind which still exist in Europe, and are of interest both historically and architecturally. The evangelists refer to the synagogues of Nazareth (Matt. According to various ancient sources, during the period of…, The synagogue in which the community assembled became not merely a house of prayer but also a school, with a “house of the book” (, …remained central in Jewish worship, synagogues had already emerged as places for Torah reading and communal prayer and worship during the Babylonian Exile in the 6th century. xvi. Similar ḳubbahs were erected, according to Benjamin (p. 63), over the graves of Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, the three friends of Daniel, near the tomb of Ezekiel. When the institution of the synagogue began to emerge, the Temple in Jerusalem was still standing. Ta'an. We love to welcome new members and visitors to our Shul by the Sea! Only a few synagogues of the Babylonian diaspora are mentioned by name in the Talmud. Recent Examples on the Web In April 1932, 21-year-old Herman Glick was shot in the neck outside a Lawndale synagogue. Welcome to the Hull Hebrew Congregation! These reforms likewise influenced the arrangement of the synagogue itself. der Juden in Rom," i. In the Roman empire, during the fourth century, Theodosius the Great was frequently obliged to check the excessive zeal of the Christians, who burned and plundered synagogues or transformed them into churches (Grätz, "Gesch." In III Macc. Rabbi Bergson is also the Chaplain to the Jewish Students in the Manchester Region under UJC. Synagogue definition is - a Jewish congregation. Since the liturgy has no sacrifice, no priesthood is required for public worship. 3d ed., ii. 140-160). xiii. Amor." The Pentateuch is generally read in short sections each Sabbath over the course of a year; various readings from the Prophets accompany the reading from the Pentateuch every week, and sections of the Writings are often read on special holidays. In the village of Jaujar, in Egypt, there was a synagogue named in honor of the prophet Elijah, since Phinehas b. Eleazar was born there (Sambari, p. 121; Phinehas = Elijah; see Jew. Thereafter synagogues took on an even greater importance as the unchallenged focal point of Jewish religious life. A synagogue may be turned into a house of study, but not viceversa; for the holiness of the latter is higher than that of the former, and the rule is (Meg. Targ., Ex. should be to its destruction. 209-216). 1, 10, 17; xviii. One of the three synagogues of Aleppo was called after Moses (p. 158). When Philip the Fair expelled the Jews from France, in 1307, the synagogues were either sold or given away, one of those in Paris being presented by the king to his coachman; Louis X. restored them when the Jews were recalled in 1315. 23; "bet wa'ad," Ab. xviii. 7 and, according to the very defensible reading of the LXX., also lx. According to one legend, there were 394 synagogues at Jerusalem when the city was destroyed by Titus (Ket. While we are a Traditional Synagogue, all Jews are welcome, regardless of background or level of observance. 16) and Capernaum (Mark i. Nor should funeral speeches be delivered therein, except at a public mourning for one of the great men of the time. 74a), Cæsarea (Yer. The origins of this institution are obscure, and a number of hypotheses have been proposed to account for the appearance of this lay-oriented form of worship. 27; Josephus, "Contra Ap." In Babylonia the synagogues were frequently situated outside the cities, in many cases at a considerable distance from them (see Ḳid. By the time it had become the central institution of Judaism (no period of the history of Israel is conceivable without it), it was already regarded as of ancient origin, dating back to the time of Moses (see Yer. Meg. In the following list the name "Sambari" precedes the page numbers of citations from this latter source; all other references are to the pages of Grünhut's edition of Benjamin of Tudela's "Itinerary.". The newly-seated senator told the newspaper that his use of a Hebrew Bible from the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple was a nod to the southern Jewish … The apostle Paul preached in various synagogues in Damascus (Acts ix. The epoch of the Crusades wasinitiated by "the liberation of Jerusalem," when the victorious crusaders drove the Jews into a synagogue and cremated them there (1099). Theodosius II. Also Russian Jews fleeing the po… 29), and in which, on the 7th of Adar, the Jews of all Egypt assembled, during the period of the Nagids, for fasting and prayer. Modern synagogues carry on the same basic functions associated with ancient synagogues but have added social, recreational, and philanthropic programs as the times demand. "They put a platform in the middle of the house," says Maimonides, "so that he who reads from the Law, or he who speaks words of exhortation to the people, may stand upon it, and all may hear him" (see Almemar). 21; Luke vii. It is also referred to as a shul, a Yiddish word related to the English word “school,” thus named since Torah is studied there as well. The anonymous itinerary mentioned above, in referring to the synagogue which the author saw at Tyre, describes it as "a large and very fine building" (Benjamin of Tudela, ed. 68b; Meg. Neither of the first two books of the Maccabees, however, mentions the burning of the synagogues of the country during the persecutions by Antiochus. The origins of this institution are obscure, and a number of hypotheses have been proposed... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 45-61, 217-223). 64a [the Synagogue of the βουλή]; 'Er. Updates? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It thus becomes explicable why the religious attitude of both large and small communities in Europe and America appears most of all in the arrangement and the care of the synagogues; and it is not mere vanity and ostentation, which lead communities on both sides of the Atlantic to make sacrifices in order to build splendid edifices for religious purposes, such as are found in many cities. Singers Hill Synagogue is home to the Birmingham Hebrew Congregation and has been the focal point for Jewish worship and community life in Birmingham for 159 years. Ezek. Bagdad contained twenty-eight, according to Benjamin of Tudela (Pethahiah says thirty), in addition to the synagogue of the exilarch, which is described by Benjamin as a "building resting on marble columns of various colors and inlaid with gold and silver, with verses from the Psalms inscribed in golden letters upon the pillars. 1st ed., v. 53) that there was a synagogue of Elijah also in Sicily, at the time of Pope Gregory I. Benjamin found a "Keneset Mosheh" outside the city of Fostat (p. 94). Coordinates. 8a, 30b [thirteen synagogues]; Yer. The synagogue of Samuel Abulafia at Toledo and other Spanish synagogues still standing have been mentioned above. Whatever their origin, synagogues flourished side by side with the ancient Temple cult and existed long before Jewish sacrifice and the established priesthood were terminated with the destruction of the Second Temple by the Roman emperor Titus in 70 ce. As the external observances of religion and the sanctity of tradition lost in meaning and often disappeared entirely within the family and in the life of the individual, the synagogue grew in importance as a center for the preservation of Judaism. x. R. 196b), Kifra, or Kufra (Yer. Ta'an. xiii. 159-183; 1904, xiv. In the province of Mosul (Ashur), Benjamin (p. 48) saw the synagogues of the three prophets Obadiah, Jonah, and Nahum. 44 et seq. 139a; Zab. The "house of the people" (Jer. 8 [Hebr.]) In eastern Mohammedan countries the names of Biblical personages or of representatives of tradition (e.g., a tanna or amora) were given to many synagogues. 73d); this synagogue is mentioned in Acts vi. The Egyptian calif Al-Ḥakim (d. 1020) also destroyed synagogues, and many were razed inAfrica and Spain by the fury of the Almohades (after 1140). The segregation of men and women, a practice that is still observed in Orthodox synagogues, has been abandoned by Reform and Conservative congregations. J." regularly built over the grave of a Mohammedan saint, and serving as an oratory for the pilgrims to the tomb. 29), which refers also to the synagogues of the Cyrenians, Cilicians, and Asiatics. They also attest the wealth and culture of the Polish Jews before the year 1548 (see M. Bersohn, "Einiges über die Alten Holzsynagogen in Polen," in "Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Jüdische Volkskunde," 1901, viii. 5; John vi. The great synagogue of Amsterdam, dedicated in 1675, is a monument both to the faith of the Hispano-Portuguese Maranos and to the religious freedom which Holland was the first to grant to the modern Jews; a similar monument is the Bevis Marks Synagogue, London, which was dedicated in 1701 (see Gaster, "History of the Ancient Synagogue," London, 1901). Saturday Morning Services always begin at 8:30 AM (Please note we do start on time, so if you plan on joining our minyan we appreciate punctuality.) Eight years before (415), the Christians of Alexandria, instigated by Bisbop, Cyril, had confiscated the synagogue there and forced the Jews to emigrate, while at Constantinople the great synagogue was dedicated as the Church of the Mother of God, probably during the reign of Theodosius II. 385). Synagogues have played an important role in preserving the Jewish religion and culture throughout history. The current Turkish community is a remnant of the great influx that took place during the Spanish inquisition in 1492. ; Yer. that when the Alexandrian synagogues were destroyed the same fate was shared by the shields, golden wreaths, stelæ, and inscriptions which in honor of the emperors had been set up in the open halls (περιβολαι) of the courts of the synagogues (Philo, "In Flaccum," § 7). 65d; see above), Kefar Tiberias (Pesiḳ. The synagogue of Severus at Rome is mentioned in an ancient literary document dealing with the variant readings in a copy of the Pentateuch (see Schürer, "Gesch." vii. The synagogue as a permanent institution originated probably in the period of the Babylonian captivity, when a place for common worship and instruction had become necessary. J." v. 122). The Turei Zahav Jewish Community, an organisation that helps revive Jewish life and heritage in Western Ukraine, has warned repeatedly in recent years that inaction on the synagogue … 4). 35). Synagogue, also spelled synagog, in Judaism, a community house of worship that serves as a place not only for liturgical services but also for assembly and study. According to the same author, the elders sit facing the people, who are seated in rows one behind the other, all with their eyes turned toward the elders and toward the Holy Place (neither code speaks in this connection of the women's gallery). Benisch, pp. These examples show that the synagogues bearing the names of Biblical or Talmudic celebrities were often similar in character to the "ḳubbah" (vault; Hebr. ) 10), and Ṭibe'in (Tosef., Meg. Prior to this, he spent 6 years as Rabbi at Pinner United Synagogue and before that at Newton Mearns Hebrew Congregation, Glasgow. For nearly fifteen hundred years razed synagogues typified the fortunes of the Jewish communities, especially in Christian countries. 7, 8; Tosef., Suk. Southend and Westcliff Hebrew Congregation is a friendly and vibrant, modern-orthodox synagogue. In Syria the great synagogue of Antioch was famous; to it, according to Josephus ("B. The synagogue, consequently, is the most important feature of the Jewish community, which is inconceivable without it. Synagogal worship, therefore, however much it might vary in detail in different countries, was the most important visible expression of Judaism, and the chief means of uniting the Jews scattered throughout the world; while the academy, in like manner, guaranteed the unity of the religious spirit which animated the synagogue. Two decades later all the Jews were expelled from Spain, their synagogues were turned into churches and convents, and the magnificent synagogue at Toledo, built in the fourteenth century by the statesman Samuel Abulafia, became the Church de Nuestra Señora de San Benita (or del Transito), still existing as a monument to the former splendor of the Jewish culture of Spain.
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