Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Ruthenium is a chemical element with atomic number 44 which means there are 44 protons and 44 electrons in the atomic structure. Does the difficulty of pronouncing a chemicalâs name really follow the trend: the easier, the less harmful, and the harder, the more harmful? Updates? [19][20], Roughly 30 tonnes of ruthenium are mined each year[21] with world reserves estimated at 5,000 tonnes. High concentrations of detected atmospheric 106Ru were associated with an alleged undeclared nuclear accident in Russia in 2017. (2018), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride, Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017, "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data", "Airborne concentrations and chemical considerations of radioactive ruthenium from an undeclared major nuclear release in 2017", "2006 Minerals Yearbook: Platinum-Group Metals", "Commodity Report: Platinum-Group Metals", "The nomenclature of the natural alloys of osmium, iridium and ruthenium based on new compositional data of alloys from world-wide occurrences", 10.1002/0471238961.1612012019052513.a01.pub2, "Platinum Metals: A Survey of Productive Resources to industrial Uses", "The Minting of Platinum Roubles. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary decay product after is rhodium. Rhodium is a silvery-white transition metal that holds the distinction of being the world's most expensive precious metal. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The colorless liquid ruthenium pentacarbonyl converts in the absence of CO pressure to the dark red solid triruthenium dodecacarbonyl. Lastly choose the number of ⦠By depositing a layer of ruthenium on the TaN barrier layer, copper adhesion would be improved and deposition of a copper seed layer would not be necessary. The chemical symbol for Ruthenium is Ru.. Ruthenium is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named ruthenium in honor of Russia. This anomaly is observed in the neighboring metals niobium (41), molybdenum (42), and rhodium (45). [84][85][86][87][88] Copper can be directly electroplated onto ruthenium,[89] in contrast to tantalum nitride. It is greyish-white in color and a member of the platinum family. The corrosion resistance of titanium is increased markedly by the addition of a small amount of ruthenium. Dipotassium ruthenate (K2RuO4, +6), and potassium perruthenate (KRuO4, +7) are also known. Heating solutions of ruthenium trichloride in alcohols with triphenylphosphine gives tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride (RuCl2(PPh3)3), which converts to the hydride complex chlorohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) (RuHCl(PPh3)3).[27]. [8][28], The oxidation states of ruthenium range from 0 to +8, and −2. Scroll down to see examples of Ruthenium. How well do you know their symbols? Among the binary compounds of ruthenium, these high oxidation states are known only in the oxides and fluorides. The second is using thin ruthenium films as metal gates in p-doped metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (p-MOSFETs). Numerous coordination complexes are known, including a unique series of nitrosyl (NO) complexes. [33] The only known oxyhalide is the pale green ruthenium(VI) oxyfluoride, RuOF4.[34]. Potassium perruthenate can also be produced by oxidising potassium ruthenate, K2RuO4, with chlorine gas. Apparently, Jedrzej Sniadecki, a Polish chemist, had produced ruthenium in 1807 but he withdrew his claim of discovery after other scientists failed to replicate his results. Very volatile ruthenium tetroxide, RuO4, used in separating ruthenium from other heavy metals, contains the element in the +8 oxidation state. It also occurs in sulfide and other ores (e.g., in pentlandite of the Sudbury, Ont., Can., nickel-mining region) in very small quantities that are commercially recovered. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. [5][40] The name "ruthenium" was chosen by Osann because the analysed samples stemmed from the Ural Mountains in Russia. [36] Platinum in alluvial sands of Russian rivers gave access to raw material for use in plates and medals and for the minting of ruble coins, starting in 1828. Ruthenium or Ru is a hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal that also belongs to the noble metals and platinum metals group in the periodic table. [59] Compared with platinum complexes, those of ruthenium show greater resistance to hydrolysis and more selective action on tumors. Ruthenium has a distinctive grayish Platinum look. Silver-gray ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle. Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinumores; the annual production has risen fro⦠[24][25] Osmium, ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium are insoluble in aqua regia and readily precipitate, leaving the other metals in solution. "[5][42], Approximately 30.9 tonnes of ruthenium were consumed in 2016, 13.8 of them in electrical applications, 7.7 in catalysis, and 4.6 in electrochemistry. Because of its high melting point, ruthenium is not easily cast; its brittleness, even at white heat, makes it very difficult to roll or draw into wires. [32], Some mixed oxides are also known, such as MIIRuIVO3, Na3RuVO4, Na2RuV2O7, and MII2LnIIIRuVO6. [5] Choosing the name for the new element, Claus stated: "I named the new body, in honour of my Motherland, ruthenium. Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. Ruthenium is chemically similar to platinum, preserving the function of the RAMs, but in contrast to Pt patterns easily. Grubbs' catalyst is used for alkene metathesis. [90], Little is known about the health effects of ruthenium[91] and it is relatively rare for people to encounter ruthenium compounds. [83] When replacing silicide gates with metal gates in MOSFETs, a key property of the metal is its work function. [citation needed], Ruthenium tetroxide exposes latent fingerprints by reacting on contact with fatty oils or fats with sebaceous contaminants and producing brown/black ruthenium dioxide pigment.[60]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... 118 Names and Symbols of the Periodic Table Quiz. Corrections? Ruthenium. It was stable in air and worked on the double carbon bonds...…, Karl Karlovich Klaus, Russian chemist (of German origin) credited with the discovery of...…. What does ruthenium look like? Ruthenium is a metallic chemical element of the periodic table of elements. [8] Indeed, ruthenium is most readily attacked by oxidizing agents. [8] The metal can be plated by electroplating and by thermal decomposition. The first is using thin films of ruthenium as electrodes on both sides of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) or barium strontium titanate ((Ba, Sr)TiO3, also known as BST) in the next generation of three-dimensional dynamic random access memories (DRAMs). [8][36] Claus isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of rouble production while he was working in Kazan University, Kazan,[5] the same way its heavier congener osmium had been discovered four decades earlier. [46][47][48] These two electronic applications account for 50% of the ruthenium consumption. Elemental ruthenium occurs in native alloys of iridium and osmium, along with the other platinum metals: up to 14.1 percent in iridosmine and 18.3 percent in siserskite. Ruthenium compounds also have some nice optical and electronic properties. Ruthenium trichloride reacts with carbon monoxide to give many derivatives including RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3 and Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3 (Roper's complex). Ruthenium forms a variety of coordination complexes. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is known to be superconductive at temperatures below 10.6 K.[8] Ruthenium is the only 4d transition metal that can assume the group oxidation state +8, and even then it is less stable there than the heavier congener osmium: this is the first group from the left of the table where the second and third-row transition metals display notable differences in chemical behavior. The initial discovery of ruthenium was thought to have occurred in 1828, when Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and Russian chemist Gottfried W. Osann examined the residues left from crude platinum ores after dissolving them in aqua regia (a concentrated solution of hydrochloric and nitric ac⦠[22][23] Ruthenium, osmium, and iridium are considered the minor platinum group metals. [14][15], The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. Black ruthenium coins are a unique type of collectible with stunning designs that will really add character and completion to your coin collection. [54], Ruthenium is a component of mixed-metal oxide (MMO) anodes used for cathodic protection of underground and submerged structures, and for electrolytic cells for such processes as generating chlorine from salt water. [citation needed], Ruthenium-promoted cobalt catalysts are used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It has a few (mainly niche) ones - in electrical contacts & thick-film resistors (as a hardening agent) being the main ones. Rhodium metal is resistant to corrosion and, as a PGM, it shares the groupâs exceptional catalytic properties. It does not tarnish at room temperatures but oxidizes explosively. Part of this metal's appeal comes from its high reflectance, almost unique among the metals. Such catalysts are used commercially for the production of polynorbornene for example. Ruthenium is a hard, metallic, chemical element that is commonly found as a rare earth metal. Like iron but unlike osmium, ruthenium can form aqueous cations in its lower oxidation states of +2 and +3. During electrorefining of copper and nickel, noble metals such as silver, gold, and the platinum group metals precipitate as anode mud, the feedstock for the extraction. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The added corrosion resistance in titanium alloys led to the development of a special alloy with 0.1% ruthenium. [33], Ruthenium trichloride is a well-known compound, existing in a black α-form and a dark brown β-form: the trihydrate is red. It hydrolyzes violently upon contact with water and easily disproportionates to form a mixture of lower ruthenium fluorides, releasing fluorine gas. With similar properties and lower cost than rhodium,[28] electric contacts are a major use of ruthenium. Ruthenium Price Chart (USD / Kilogram) for the Last 2 years. Ruthenium (Ru), chemical element, one of the platinum metals of Groups 8â10 (VIIIb), Periods 5 and 6, of the periodic table, used as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. [16], As the 74th most abundant element in Earth's crust, ruthenium is relatively rare,[17] found in about 100 parts per trillion. The periodic table is made up of 118 elements. Ruthenium is ⦠[31] Ruthenium sulfide (RuS2) occurs naturally as the mineral laurite. Alloys of ruthenium with metals like copper are also used to create electrical contacts, which conduct electricity and are found in light switches and circuit breakers. [73] By oxidizing ruthenium (for example with an oxygen plasma) into the volatile oxides, ruthenium can be easily patterned. Ruthenium is largely immune to atmospheric attack. The green melt contains the perruthenate ion, RuO-4; on dissolving in water, an orange solution containing the stable ruthenate ion, RuO42-, usually results. Rhodium is separated from the residue by treatment with molten sodium bisulfate. Omissions? It is possible that the Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 (which he called "vestium" after the asteroid Vesta discovered shortly before) from South American platinum ores in 1807. Ruthenium responds to radiation-related panic in Russia earlier this autumn. Such a ruthenium layer was used in the first giant magnetoresistive read element for hard disk drives. Ruthenium, a polyvalent hard white metal, is a member of the platinum group and is in group 8 of the periodic table: Whereas all other group 8 elements have two electrons in the outermost shell, in ruthenium, the outermost shell has only one electron (the final electron is in a lower shell). In compounds of ruthenium (where known), the most common oxidation numbers of ruthenium are: 4, and 3. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. After oxidation to the volatile oxides, RuO4 is separated from OsO4 by precipitation of (NH4)3RuCl6 with ammonium chloride or by distillation or extraction with organic solvents of the volatile osmium tetroxide. [a] Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009[6] to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa. [5][a], In 1844, Karl Ernst Claus, a Russian scientist of Baltic German descent, showed that the compounds prepared by Gottfried Osann contained small amounts of ruthenium, which Claus had discovered the same year. There are three main applications for thin ruthenium films in microelectronics. Hydrides The term hydride is used to indicate compounds of the type M x H y and not necessarily to indicate that any compounds listed behave as hydrides chemically. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. [17] The composition of the mined platinum group metal (PGM) mixtures varies widely, depending on the geochemical formation. Ruthenium was the last of the six platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium and ruthenium) to be discovered. What is Ruthenium. The work function needs to match the surrounding materials. Is ruthenium a metalloid? The most prevalent precursor is ruthenium trichloride, a red solid that is poorly defined chemically but versatile synthetically. [78][79][80] Ruthenium thin-film electrodes could also be deposited on top of lead zirconate titanate (Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3, also known as PZT) in another kind of RAM, ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The insoluble residue, containing Ru, Os, and Ir is treated with sodium oxide, in which Ir is insoluble, producing dissolved Ru and Os salts. (Although ruthenium tetroxide, RuO4, has similar stability and volatility to osmium tetroxide, OsO4, it differs in that it cannot be formed from the elements.) A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst. [74][75][76][77] The properties of the common ruthenium oxides make ruthenium a metal compatible with the semiconductor processing techniques needed to manufacture microelectronics. [26] Hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ruthenium chloride yielding a powder. TMS-138 / 138A", "Development of a Next-Generation Ni-base Single Crystal Superalloy", "Joint Development of a Fourth Generation Single Crystal Superalloy", "Notes from the Nib Works—Where's the Iridium? [92], Coordination and organometallic complexes, Applications of ruthenium thin films in microelectronics. Use this form to dynamically generate charts that show metal prices in the units of your choice and for the specified date range (if available). [55] The fluorescence of some ruthenium complexes is quenched by oxygen, finding use in optode sensors for oxygen. Definition of ruthenium : a rare hard silvery-white metallic element occurring in platinum ores and used especially as a catalyst and to harden alloys â see Chemical Elements Table Examples of ruthenium in a Sentence Recent Examples on the Web Finnish authorities also reportedly detected small levels of cobalt, ruthenium and cesium in mid-June. [49] Ruthenium is also used in some advanced high-temperature single-crystal superalloys, with applications that include the turbines in jet engines. In this reaction, formate and water/alcohol serve as the source of H2:[65][66]. ", "Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA) for Chlorine Evolution", "Synthetic metallomolecules as agents for the control of DNA structure", NCJRS Abstract – National Criminal Justice Reference Service, "Formation of metal clusters in halloysite clay nanotubes", 10.1002/1521-3773(20000901)39:17<3012::AID-ANIE3012>3.0.CO;2-G, "Preparation of Optically Active (R,R)-Hydrobenzoin from Benzoin or Benzil", "Synthesis of Optically Active 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines via Asymmetric Hydrogenation Using Iridium-Diamine Catalyst", "The Intriguing Superconductivity of Strontium Ruthenate", 10.1002/1521-396X(199705)161:1<201::AID-PSSA201>3.0.CO;2-U, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, "Electrodeposition of Cu on Ru Barrier Layers for Damascene Processing", "Ruthenium (Ru) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects", Nano-layer of ruthenium stabilizes magnetic sensors, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&oldid=1008156229, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 February 2021, at 21:26. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. "If all the platinum ever mined were melted and poured into an Olympic-sized pool, the platinum would barely reach your ankles. It is a hard, white transition metal. The higher oxidation states +6 and +8 are much more readily obtained than for iron, and there is an extensive chemistry of the tetroxides, oxohalides, and oxo anions. For example, the PGMs mined in South Africa contain on average 11% ruthenium while the PGMs mined in the former USSR contain only 2% (1992). When rhenium is isolated, it is a silvery white, extremely dense metal. Rhodium is a hard, silver-colored metal that is very stable and has a high melting point. Ruthenium tetroxide is reduced by cold dilute potassium hydroxide to form black potassium perruthenate, KRuO4, with ruthenium in the +7 oxidation state. Platinum is a naturally occurring chemical element that is actually about 30 times rarer than gold, according to Jenny Luker, president of Platinum Guild International USA (PGI), a marketing organization for the platinum jewelry industry. Rhenium has a high melting point, ⦠[39] They examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural Mountains in aqua regia. One representative method is fusion with sodium peroxide followed by dissolution in aqua regia, and solution in a mixture of chlorine with hydrochloric acid. Unlike iron but like osmium, ruthenium does not form oxides in its lower +2 and +3 oxidation states. The properties of ruthenium and osmium compounds are often similar. Here is what the whole collection looks like: The customer wishes to remain anonymous, so you'll just have to keep wondering where this remarkable trove of rare metals currently resides: The only thing you can be sure of is that I don't have it. Derivatives of bipyridine and terpyridine are numerous, best known being the luminescent tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride. Its density is 12.41 grams per cubic centimeter. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named ruthenium in honor of Russia. Ruthenium, together with rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGM).. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal. [8] This discrepancy led to a long-standing controversy between Berzelius and Osann about the composition of the residues. Ruthenium This button of pure solid ruthenium was created by the easiest known method--melting ruthenium powder in an argon-arc furnace. It has an atomic number of 45 and is about as nonreactive as gold. The order consisted of equal volumes of ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, and iridium. [5] As Osann was not able to repeat his isolation of ruthenium, he eventually relinquished his claims. Its sheen makes it look like platinum, but it doesnât have the exact properties of its metallic cousin. Ruthenium is paramagnetic. Ruthenium nanoparticles can be formed inside halloysite. A Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2001 to Ryōji Noyori for contributions to the field of asymmetric hydrogenation. Both the anhydrous and hydrated species are dark brown or black solids. [9] Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium. The catalysts are conveniently divided into those that are soluble in the reaction medium, homogeneous catalysts, and those that are not, which are called heterogeneous catalysts. Like its lighter close relative, iron, ruthenium readily forms a number of oxides including some exotic oxygen bridged multi metallic compounds. Ruthenium is brought into soluble form by fusion with an alkaline oxidizing flux, such as sodium peroxide (Na2O2), especially if an oxidizing agent such as sodium chlorate is present. Source: Facebook. The perruthenate ion is unstable and is reduced by water to form the orange ruthenate. In this quiz you’ll be shown all 118 chemical symbols, and you’ll need to choose the name of the chemical element that each one represents. Relatively recently, ruthenium has been suggested as a material that could beneficially replace other metals and silicides in microelectronics components. It was common to give newly discovered elements Latin names (for example, Loferski, Patricia J.; Ghalayini, Zachary T. and Singerling, Sheryl A. While it does not readily tarnish, the pure element can form a reactive oxide that can explode. For p-MOSFETs, the ruthenium work function is the best materials property match with surrounding materials such as HfO2, HfSiOx, HfNOx, and HfSiNOx, to achieve the desired electrical properties. The native form of ruthenium is a very rare mineral (Ir replaces part of Ru in its structure). [53] Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with ruthenium alloy. Ruthenium is a hard, silvery-white metal with a shiny surface. This abundant mineral naturally has a structure of rolled nanosheets (nanotubes), which can support both the Ru nanocluster synthesis and its products for subsequent use in industrial catalysis.[61]. Simply select a metal and a unit to display the price. Is ruthenium magnetic? [7] Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. Ruthenium is an important element in the world. [8][27] The product is reduced using hydrogen, yielding the metal as a powder or sponge metal that can be treated with powder metallurgy techniques or argon-arc welding. [56] Ruthenium red, [(NH3)5Ru-O-Ru(NH3)4-O-Ru(NH3)5]6+, is a biological stain used to stain polyanionic molecules such as pectin and nucleic acids for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Ruthenium is a hard, silvery-white metal with a shiny surface. This reaction exploits using chiral ruthenium complexes introduced by Ryoji Noyori. Platinum Vs. Gold. [68], Some ruthenium complexes absorb light throughout the visible spectrum and are being actively researched for solar energy technologies. This, when coupled with its brittle nature, makes the substance difficult to cast. Jewelry is often ruthenium-plated when a dark, pewter-colored shine is desired. He published an announcement of his discovery in 1808. Ruthenium is a very rare, hard, lustrous, brittle, silvery-white metal that does not tarnish at room temperature. [18] This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Radioactive ruthenium-106 (one-year half-life) and its short-lived daughter rhodium-106 contribute an important fraction of the residual radiation in reactor fuels a year following their use. In 2001, IBM announced a three-atom-thick layer of the element ruthenium, informally referred to as "pixie dust", which would allow a quadrupling of the data density of current hard disk drive media. Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis to give ruthenates (RuO2−4), is not attacked by acids (even aqua regia) but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures. [69], Many ruthenium-based oxides show very unusual properties, such as a quantum critical point behavior,[70] exotic superconductivity (in its strontium ruthenate form),[71] and high-temperature ferromagnetism.[72]. It is usually used for hardener, in the electronics industry and in the manufacture of electrical contacts that are water resistant. Silver-gray ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle. Rutheniumâs atomic number is 44 and its atomic weight is 101.07. [30] Unlike osmium tetroxide, ruthenium tetroxide is less stable and is strong enough as an oxidising agent to oxidise dilute hydrochloric acid and organic solvents like ethanol at room temperature, and is easily reduced to ruthenate (RuO2−4) in aqueous alkaline solutions; it decomposes to form the dioxide above 100 °C. Here ⦠[32], The highest known ruthenium halide is the hexafluoride, a dark brown solid that melts at 54 °C. It makes up for this deficit by carrying an ability to harden pall⦠Ruthenium forms a wide range compounds with carbon-ruthenium bonds. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Exposure to rhenium fumes can cause dizziness. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry. Normally second and third row d-block elements show similar chemistries, but in this case, osmium (immediately below ruthenium in the periodic table) burns to give osmium (VIII) oxide, OsO 4. [19][43] The ruthenium plate is applied to the electrical contact and electrode base metal by electroplating[44] or sputtering. It has four allotropic forms. It is mainly used in ⦠…catalyst that contained the metal ruthenium. On heating with oxygen, ruthenium metal gives ruthenium (IV) oxide, RuO 2.. Ru(s) + O 2 (g) â RuO 2 (s). Processes for isolating it are an integral part of the metallurgical art that applies to all platinum metals. Ruthenium is a member of the platinum group. Its density is 12.41 grams per cubic centimeter. The metal is unaffected by air, water and acids. There is little, if any, evidence that simple aquo ions exist, and virtually all its aqueous solutions, whatever the anions present, may be considered to contain complexes. Ruthenium is, with osmium, the most noble of the platinum metals; the metal does not tarnish in air at ordinary temperatures and resists attack by strong acids, even by aqua regia. One such material, ruthenium red, is a dye used to stain negatively charged biomolecules such as nucleic acids in microscopy. [17], Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. Several nickel based superalloy compositions are described, such as EPM-102 (with 3% Ru), TMS-162 (with 6% Ru), TMS-138,[50] and TMS-174,[51][52] the latter two containing 6% rhenium. There are also other suggested uses. [67] Small-scale, intermittent production of ammonia, for local agricultural use, may be a viable substitute for electrical grid attachment as a sink for power generated by wind turbines in isolated rural installations. Additionally, 34 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Its melting point is about 2,300 to 2,450°C (4,200 to 4,400°F) and its boiling point is about 3,900 to 4,150°C (7,100 to 7,500°F). [57] The beta-decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors, mainly malignant melanomas of the uvea. Copper also adheres poorly to TaN, but well to Ru. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. (Technetium, the previous element, has an exceptionally low value that is off the trend due to its half-filled [Kr]4d55s2 configuration, though it is not as far off the trend in the 4d series as manganese in the 3d transition series. Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus, a Russian chemist, in 1844 while analyzing the residue of a sample of platinum ore obtained from the Ural mountains. In 2012, Masaaki Kitano and associates, working with an organic ruthenium catalyst, demonstrated ammonia synthesis using a stable electride as an electron donor and reversible hydrogen store. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [12], The reduction potentials in acidic aqueous solution for some common ruthenium ions are shown below:[13], Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven stable isotopes. A month later, the price of rhodium was hovering around $12,500 an ounce. Itâs rarer and harder than platinum, yet at the same time, itâs also more brittle. Ruthenium pentafluoride is a tetrameric dark green solid that is also readily hydrolyzed, melting at 86.5 °C.
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